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239 lines
9.0 KiB
Markdown
239 lines
9.0 KiB
Markdown
# The Zypper package manager
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SUSE and openSUSE GNU/Linux's package management utility and command-line interface to the ZYpp system management library (`libzypp`).
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## Table of contents <!-- omit in toc -->
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1. [TL;DR](#tldr)
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1. [Concepts](#concepts)
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1. [Repositories](#repositories)
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1. [Configuration](#configuration)
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1. [Gotchas](#gotchas)
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1. [Further readings](#further-readings)
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1. [Sources](#sources)
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## TL;DR
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Default files:
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| Path | Description |
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| -------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
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| `${HOME}/.zypper.conf` | User configuration file for Zypper |
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| `/etc/zypp/zypper.conf` | Global configuration file for Zypper |
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| `/etc/zypp/zypp.conf` | Configuration file for `libzypp` |
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| `/etc/zypp/locks` | Package lock definitions |
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| `/etc/zypp/repos.d` | Directory containing repository definition files (`*.repo`) |
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| `/etc/zypp/services.d` | Directory containing service definition files (`*.service`) |
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| `/usr/lib/zypp/commands` | Directory for zypper extensions |
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| `/var/cache/zypp/raw` | Cache directory for downloaded, raw package metadata |
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| `/var/cache/zypp/solv` | Cache directory for pre-parsed package metadata (`*.solv`) |
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| `/var/cache/zypp/RPMS` | Cache directory for downloaded packages |
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| `/var/cache/zypp/packages` | Cache directory for installed packages |
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| `/var/log/zypper.log` | Zypper's log file |
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| `/var/log/zypp/history` | Installation history log file |
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Command examples:
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```sh
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# Update the package cache.
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zypper refresh
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zypper ref 'updates'
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# Search for resolvables.
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zypper search 'nmap'
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zypper se -r 'repository' 'mariadb'
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# Show all available versions of resolvables.
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zypper se -s 'kernel-default'
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zypper se --details 'boinc-client'
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# Look up what package provides a file.
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# 'what-provides' has been replaced by 'search -x --provides'
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zypper se --provides '/usr/sbin/useradd'
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# Display detailed information about resolvables.
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zypper info 'workrave'
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zypper if -t 'patch' 'libzypp'
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zypper if -t 'pattern' 'lamp_server'
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# Install resolvables.
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zypper install 'parallel'
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zypper in --no-confirm 'https://prerelease.keybase.io/keybase_amd64.rpm'
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zypper in --no-recommends 'gv' 'virtualbox-ose=2.0.6' '/root/ansible.rpm'
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# Install from specific repositories.
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# Requires the repo to be already added.
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zypper in -r 'packman' 'libavdevice60'
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zypper in -r 'https://repo.vivaldi.com/archive/vivaldi-suse.repo' 'vivaldi'
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# Reinstall resolvables.
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zypper in -f 'amdgpu-dkms'
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# Install resolvables from source.
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# The source packages *must* be available in the repositories one is using.
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zypper source-install -d 'dbus-1'
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zypper si 'dolphin-plugins'
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# Check the dependencies of *installed* packages are satisfied.
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zypper verify 'git-lfs'
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zypper ve 'virtualbox'
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# Uninstall resolvables.
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zypper remove --clean-deps 'code'
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zypper rm -u 'zfs'
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zypper in '!Firefox' '-htop'
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# List available updates.
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# By default, it shows only *installable* ones.
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zypper list-updates
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zypper lu --all
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# Update installed packages.
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zypper update
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zypper up 'vivaldi-stable'
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# List available patches.
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# By default, it shows only *applicable* ones.
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zypper list-patches
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zypper lp --all
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# Check whether there are applicable patches.
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zypper patch-check
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zypper pchk --with-optional
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# Apply patches.
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zypper patch
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# Perform a distribution upgrade.
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zypper dist-upgrade
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zypper dup --details --from 'factory' --from 'packman'
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# List unneded packages.
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# E.g. older dependencies not used anymore.
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zypper packages --unneeded
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zypper pa --unneeded
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# List currently defined repositories.
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zypper repos
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zypper rl -d --sort-by-priority
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# Add repositories.
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zypper addrepo --check --refresh --priority '90' \
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'https://repo.vivaldi.com/archive/vivaldi-suse.repo' 'vivaldi'
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zypper ar -cfp '89' …
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# Remove repositories.
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zypper removerepo 'mozilla'
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zypper rr '3'
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# Rename repositories.
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zypper renamerepo 'firefox' 'mozilla'
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zypper nr '5' 'packman'
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# Modify repositories.
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# Disable with '-d'.
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zypper modifyrepo -er 'updates'
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zypper mr -da
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# Clean caches.
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zypper clean --metadata
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zypper clean --all 'packman'
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# Execute without user confirmation (non-interactively).
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zypper --non-interactive …
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# Clean up installed kernel packages.
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zypper purge-kernels --dry-run
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# Clean up unneded packages.
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# Always check what is being done.
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zypper packages --unneeded \
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| awk -F'|' 'NR>4{gsub(" ", "", $0);print $3"="$4}' \
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| sort -u | sudo xargs zypper rm -u
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```
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## Concepts
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The set of packages installed on a system is denoted as the _@System_ repository or _System Packages_.<br/>
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In contrast to normal repositories, @System provides packages that can only be deleted.
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Installed packages which do not belong to any available repository are denoted as _unwanted_, _orphaned_ or _dropped_.
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One can specify the location of packages or repositories using any type of URI supported by `libzypp` (e.g. local paths, ftp/https/other URI).<br/>
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In addition, Zypper accepts openSUSE Build Service repositories in the `addrepo` command in the form of `obs://project/platform` URI.
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Resource objects are called _resolvables_.<br/>
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They might be **packages**, **patches**, **patterns**, **products**, or basically any kind of object with dependencies to other objects managed by `libzypp`.
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If one does not request specific versions of resolvables during an action, Zypper's dependency solver will pick a _reasonable_ one automatically.
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## Repositories
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The **lower** the number given to their `priority` setting, the **higher** the precedence of that repository.<br/>
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This means that a repository with priority 90 will have precedence on repositories with the default priority of 99.
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[Default (distribution) repositories][package repositories], [additional repositories][additional package repositories].
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Repositories of interest:
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| Name | URL | Description |
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| ------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| Packman (all) | <https://ftp.fau.de/packman/suse/opeSUSE_Tumbleweed/><br/><https://ftp.fau.de/packman/suse/openSUSE_Leap_15.5/> | The largest external repository of openSUSE packages |
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| Mozilla | <https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/mozilla/openSUSE_Tumbleweed/><br/><https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.5/> | Bleeding edge versions of Firefox, Thunderbird and all things Mozilla |
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| Vivaldi | <https://repo.vivaldi.com/archive/vivaldi-suse.repo> | A browser adapting to you, not the other way around. |
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## Configuration
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Default global configuration file: `/etc/zypp/zypp.conf`.<br/>
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An alternate config file can be set using the `ZYPP_CONF=<PATH>` environment variable.
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See [zypp configuration options] for details.
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## Gotchas
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Global options **must** be specified **before** the command name.<br/>
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Command-specific options **must** be specified **after** the command name.
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Zypper does not have for now a way to list **the content** of an **installed** package. Use [rpm] for this:
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```sh
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sudo rpm --query --list 'parallel'
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```
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## Further readings
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- [rpm]
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- [How can I list all files which have been installed by an ZYpp/Zypper package?]
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- [Managing software with command line tools]
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- [Zypp configuration options]
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## Sources
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All the references in the [further readings] section, plus the following:
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- [Package repositories]
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- [Additional package repositories]
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- [Command to clean out all unneeded autoinstalled dependencies]
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<!--
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References
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-->
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<!-- Upstream -->
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[additional package repositories]: https://en.opensuse.org/Additional_package_repositories
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[command to clean out all unneeded autoinstalled dependencies]: https://github.com/openSUSE/zypper/issues/116
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[managing software with command line tools]: https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP5/html/SLES-all/cha-sw-cl.html
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[package repositories]: https://en.opensuse.org/Package_repositories
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[zypp configuration options]: https://doc.opensuse.org/projects/libzypp/HEAD/group__ZyppConfig.html
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<!-- In-article sections -->
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[further readings]: #further-readings
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<!-- Knowledge base -->
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[rpm]: rpm.md
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<!-- Others -->
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[how can i list all files which have been installed by an zypp/zypper package?]: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/162092/how-can-i-list-all-files-which-have-been-installed-by-an-zypp-zypper-package#239944
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