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176 lines
4.2 KiB
Markdown
176 lines
4.2 KiB
Markdown
# The APT package manager
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## Table of contents <!-- omit in toc -->
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1. [TL;DR](#tldr)
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1. [Automate security upgrades](#automate-security-upgrades)
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1. [Configuration](#configuration)
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1. [Version pinning](#version-pinning)
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1. [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)
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1. [Fix a "Problem with MergeList" or "status file could not be parsed" error](#fix-a-problem-with-mergelist-or-status-file-could-not-be-parsed-error)
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1. [Further readings](#further-readings)
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1. [Sources](#sources)
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## TL;DR
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```sh
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# Check for broken dependencies.
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sudo apt-get check
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# Update the packages lists.
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sudo apt update
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# Upgrade the system.
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sudo apt upgrade
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sudo apt dist-upgrade
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# Look for packages.
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apt search 'ansible'
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apt search --names-only 'python'
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# Show details of packages.
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apt show 'vlc'
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# List a package's dependencies.
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apt depends 'ufw'
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# Install packages.
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sudo apt install 'nano' 'python3-zstd/stable'
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# Remove packages.
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sudo apt remove 'dhclient' 'sudo'
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sudo apt remove --purge 'bluez'
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sudo apt purge 'crda'
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# Remove orphaned packages.
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sudo apt autoremove --purge
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# List packages.
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sudo apt list
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sudo apt list --upgradable
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sudo apt list --installed
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# List explicitly installed packages only.
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sudo apt-mark showmanual
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# Mark packages as explicitly installed.
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sudo apt-mark manual 'vim' 'unattended-upgrades'
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# List non-explicitly installed packages only.
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sudo apt-mark showauto
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# Mark packages as non-explicitly installed.
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sudo apt-mark auto 'zsh' 'bash-completion'
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sudo apt-mark auto $(sudo apt-mark showmanual)
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# Reconfigure packages.
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sudo dpkg-reconfigure 'mariadb-server'
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sudo dpkg-reconfigure -p 'low' 'unattended-upgrades'
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```
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## Automate security upgrades
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Leverage `unattended-upgrades` for this.
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```sh
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# Configure the packages to keep up to date.
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sudo dpkg-reconfigure -p 'low' 'unattended-upgrades'
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# Check what packages would be installed.
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sudo unattended-upgrade -d --dry-run
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# Run manually.
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sudo unattended-upgrade
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```
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## Configuration
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See [Apt configuration] for more information.
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```txt
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# /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/90default-release
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APT::Default-Release "stable";
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```
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```txt
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# /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99parallel-fetch
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APT::Acquire::Queue-Mode "access";
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APT::Acquire::Retries 3;
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```
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## Version pinning
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See [`apt_preferences`'s man page][apt_preferences man page] for more information.
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```txt
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# /etc/apt/preferences.d/99perl
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Package: perl
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Pin: version 5.20*
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Pin-Priority: 1001
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```
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```txt
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# /etc/apt/preferences.d/90debian-release
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Package: *
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Pin: release a=testing
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Pin-Priority: 990
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Package: *
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Pin: release a=stable
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Pin-Priority: 500
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Package: *
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Pin: release a=unstable
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Pin-Priority: -1
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```
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```txt
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# /etc/apt/preferences.d/boinc
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Package: boinc boinc-client boinc-manager libboinc7
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Pin: release a=unstable
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Pin-Priority: 995
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```
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## Troubleshooting
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### Fix a "Problem with MergeList" or "status file could not be parsed" error
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> E: Encountered a section with no Package: header
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> E: Problem with MergeList /var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_bullseye_main_i18n_Translation-en
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> E: The package lists or status file could not be parsed or opened.
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```sh
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sudo rm -vrf '/var/lib/apt/lists/'*
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sudo apt update
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```
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## Further readings
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- [Apt configuration]
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- [Configuring Apt sources]
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- [Unattended Upgrades]
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- [`apt_preferences`'s man page][apt_preferences man page]
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- [`dpkg`][dpkg]
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- [`apt-file`][apt-file] to look for files in packages
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- [`netselect-apt`][netselect-apt] to select the fastest APT mirror
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## Sources
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All the references in the [further readings] section, plus the following:
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- [cheat.sh]
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- [Fix a "Problem with MergeList" or "status file could not be parsed" error]
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<!-- project's references -->
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[apt configuration]: https://wiki.debian.org/AptConfiguration
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[apt_preferences man page]: https://manpages.debian.org/testing/apt/apt_preferences.5.en.html
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[configuring apt sources]: https://wiki.debian.org/SourcesList
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[unattended upgrades]: https://wiki.debian.org/UnattendedUpgrades
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<!-- internal references -->
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[apt-file]: apt-file.md
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[dpkg]: dpkg.md
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[netselect-apt]: netselect-apt.md
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<!-- external references -->
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[cheat.sh]: https://cheat.sh/apt
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[fix a "problem with mergelist" or "status file could not be parsed" error]: https://askubuntu.com/questions/30072/how-do-i-fix-a-problem-with-mergelist-or-status-file-could-not-be-parsed-err#30199
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