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356 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
356 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
# The Zypper package manager
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SUSE and openSUSE GNU/Linux's package management utility and command-line interface to the ZYpp system management
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library (`libzypp`).
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1. [TL;DR](#tldr)
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1. [Concepts](#concepts)
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1. [Repositories](#repositories)
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1. [Configuration](#configuration)
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1. [Gotchas](#gotchas)
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1. [Distribution's release upgrade](#distributions-release-upgrade)
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1. [Further readings](#further-readings)
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1. [Sources](#sources)
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## TL;DR
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Default files:
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| Path | Description |
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| -------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
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| `${HOME}/.zypper.conf` | User configuration file for Zypper |
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| `/etc/zypp/zypper.conf` | Global configuration file for Zypper |
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| `/etc/zypp/zypp.conf` | Configuration file for `libzypp` |
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| `/etc/zypp/locks` | Package lock definitions |
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| `/etc/zypp/repos.d` | Directory containing repository definition files (`*.repo`) |
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| `/etc/zypp/services.d` | Directory containing service definition files (`*.service`) |
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| `/usr/lib/zypp/commands` | Directory for zypper extensions |
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| `/var/cache/zypp/raw` | Cache directory for downloaded, raw package metadata |
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| `/var/cache/zypp/solv` | Cache directory for pre-parsed package metadata (`*.solv`) |
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| `/var/cache/zypp/RPMS` | Cache directory for downloaded packages |
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| `/var/cache/zypp/packages` | Cache directory for installed packages |
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| `/var/log/zypper.log` | Zypper's log file |
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| `/var/log/zypp/history` | Installation history log file |
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Mark packages as **automatically** installed by adding them to `/var/lib/zypp/AutoInstalled`.<br/>
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Mark packages as **manually** installed by removing them from that file or forcefully reinstalling them.
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Command examples:
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```sh
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zypper help
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zypper help 'command'
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# ---
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# Update caches.
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zypper refresh
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zypper ref --force 'updates' 'mozilla'
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# Clean caches.
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zypper clean --metadata
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zypper clean --all 'packman'
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# Clean up locks.
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zypper cleanlocks
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# ---
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# Search for resolvables.
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zypper search 'nmap'
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zypper se -r 'repository' 'mariadb'
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zypper se --type 'pattern' 'kde_plasma'
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# List all patterns.
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zypper se -t 'pattern'
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zypper se -n 'patterns-*'
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# Show all available versions of resolvables.
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zypper se -s 'kernel-default'
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zypper se --details 'boinc-client'
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# Look up what package provides a file.
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# 'what-provides' has been replaced by 'search -x --provides'
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zypper se --provides '/usr/sbin/useradd'
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# Display detailed information about resolvables.
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zypper info 'workrave'
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zypper if --type 'patch' 'libzypp'
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zypper if -t 'pattern' 'lamp_server'
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# Install resolvables.
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zypper install -n 'parallel'
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zypper in --no-confirm 'https://prerelease.keybase.io/keybase_amd64.rpm'
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zypper in --no-recommends 'yast*ftp*' 'virtualbox-ose=2.0.6' '/root/ansible.rpm'
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# Install from specific repositories.
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# Requires the repo to be already added.
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zypper in 'packman:libavdevice60'
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zypper in -r 'packman' --download 'in-advance' 'libavdevice60'
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zypper in -r 'https://repo.vivaldi.com/archive/vivaldi-suse.repo' 'vivaldi'
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# Reinstall resolvables.
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# This marks them as *manually* installed.
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zypper in -f 'amdgpu-dkms'
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# Install resolvables from source.
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# The source packages *must* be available in the repositories one is using.
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zypper source-install -d 'dbus-1'
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zypper si 'dolphin-plugins'
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# Check the dependencies of *installed* resolvables are satisfied.
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zypper verify
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zypper ve 'virtualbox' 'git-lfs'
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# Uninstall resolvables.
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zypper remove --clean-deps 'code'
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zypper rm -u 'libreoffice' 'patterns-kde-kde_games'
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zypper rm -ut 'pattern' 'games'
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zypper in '!Firefox' '-htop'
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# List available updates.
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# By default, it shows only *installable* ones.
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zypper list-updates
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zypper lu --all
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# Update installed resolvables.
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zypper update
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zypper up --download 'in-heaps' 'vivaldi-stable'
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# List available patches.
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# By default, it shows only *applicable* ones.
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zypper list-patches
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zypper lp --all
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# Check whether there are applicable patches.
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zypper patch-check
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zypper pchk --with-optional
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# Apply patches.
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zypper patch
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# Perform distribution upgrades.
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zypper dist-upgrade
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zypper dup --details --from 'factory' --from 'packman' --download 'as-needed' --remove-orphaned
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# List unneded packages.
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# E.g. older dependencies not used anymore.
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zypper packages --unneeded
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zypper pa --unneeded
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# List installed resolvables.
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zypper search --installed-only
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zypper se -it 'pattern'
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# List installed packages
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zypper packages --installed-only
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zypper pa -i
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# List *manually* installed packages.
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zypper packages --userinstalled
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zypper pa -i | grep 'i+' | awk -F '|' '{print $3}' | sort -u
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# List *automatically* installed packages.
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zypper packages --autoinstalled
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# Mark resolvables as *manually* installed.
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zypper in -f 'zstd'
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zypper in -f -t 'pattern' 'kde_plasma'
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sed '/zstd/d' '/var/lib/zypp/AutoInstalled'
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# Mark resolvables as *automatically* installed.
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echo 'zstd' | tee -a '/var/lib/zypp/AutoInstalled'
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# ---
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# List repositories.
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zypper repos
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zypper lr -d --sort-by-priority
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# Add repositories.
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zypper addrepo --check --refresh --priority '90' 'https://repo.vivaldi.com/archive/vivaldi-suse.repo' 'vivaldi'
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zypper ar -cfp '89' …
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# Remove repositories.
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zypper removerepo 'mozilla'
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zypper rr '3'
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# Rename repositories.
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zypper renamerepo 'firefox' 'mozilla'
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zypper nr '5' 'packman'
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# Modify repositories.
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# Disable with '-d'.
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zypper modifyrepo -ef 'updates'
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zypper mr -gp '98' '1' 'mozilla'
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zypper mr -d 'packman' '4' 'https://repo.vivaldi.com/archive/vivaldi-suse.repo'
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zypper mr -da
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# ---
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# Execute without user confirmation (non-interactively).
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zypper --non-interactive …
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zypper --non-interactive --auto-agree-with-licenses …
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# Mark transactions in log files.
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zypper --userdata 'comment-here' …
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# Clean up installed kernel packages.
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zypper purge-kernels --dry-run
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# Clean up unneded packages.
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# *Always* check what is being done.
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# FIXME: flaky
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zypper -q pa --unneeded \
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| grep -E '^i\s+' | awk -F'|' '{gsub(" ", "", $0); print $3"="$4}' | sort -u \
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| xargs zypper rm -uD
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# Upgrade distribution's releases.
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# Suggested to do this after:
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# - all users logged off;
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# - disabling the GUI (`systemctl stop 'display-manager.service'`).
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sed -i 's|/15.5/|/$releasever/|g' '/etc/zypp/repos.d/'*'.repo' \
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&& zypper ref \
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&& zypper up \
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&& zypper --releasever '15.6' ref \
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&& zypper --releasever '15.6' dup \
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&& reboot
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```
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## Concepts
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The set of packages installed on a system is denoted as the _@System_ repository or _System Packages_.<br/>
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In contrast to normal repositories, @System provides packages that can only be deleted.
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Installed packages which do not belong to any available repository are denoted as _unwanted_, _orphaned_ or _dropped_.
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One can specify the location of packages or repositories using any type of URI supported by `libzypp` (e.g. local paths,
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ftp/https/other URI).<br/>
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In addition, Zypper accepts openSUSE Build Service repositories in the `addrepo` command in the form of
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`obs://project/platform` URI.
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Resource objects are called _resolvables_.<br/>
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They might be **packages**, **patches**, **patterns**, **products**, or basically any kind of object with dependencies
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to other objects managed by `libzypp`.
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If one does not request specific versions of resolvables during an action, Zypper's dependency solver will pick a
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_reasonable_ one automatically.
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## Repositories
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The **lower** the number given to their `priority` setting, the **higher** the precedence of that repository.<br/>
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This means that a repository with priority 90 will have precedence on repositories with the default priority of 99.
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[Default (distribution) repositories][package repositories], [additional repositories][additional package repositories].
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Repositories of interest:
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| Name | Repos' URL keys | Repo files' URLs | Description |
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| ------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| Mozilla | `https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/mozilla/openSUSE_Tumbleweed/`<br/>`https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_$releasever/` | [Tumbleweed](https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/mozilla/openSUSE_Tumbleweed/mozilla.repo) | Bleeding edge versions of Firefox, Thunderbird and all things Mozilla |
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| Packman (all) | `https://ftp.fau.de/packman/suse/openSUSE_Tumbleweed/`<br/>`https://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/misc/packman/suse/openSUSE_Leap_$releasever/` | [Tumbleweed](https://ftp.fau.de/packman/suse/openSUSE_Tumbleweed/packman.repo) | The largest external repository of openSUSE packages |
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| Vivaldi | | [All](https://repo.vivaldi.com/archive/vivaldi-suse.repo) | A browser adapting to you, not the other way around. |
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| KDE | `https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/KDE:/Extra/openSUSE_Tumbleweed/`<br/>`https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/KDE:/Frameworks/openSUSE_Tumbleweed/`<br/>`https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/KDE:/Applications/KDE_Frameworks5_openSUSE_Tumbleweed/`<br/>`https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/KDE:/Extra/openSUSE_Leap_15.6/` | | Bleeding edge versions of framework, Plasma, applications and all things KDE |
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## Configuration
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Default global configuration file: `/etc/zypp/zypp.conf`.<br/>
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An alternate config file can be set using the `ZYPP_CONF=<PATH>` environment variable.
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See [zypp configuration options] for details.
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## Gotchas
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Global options **must** be specified **before** the command name.<br/>
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Command-specific options **must** be specified **after** the command name.
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Zypper does not have for now a way to list **the content** of an **installed** package. Use [rpm] for this:
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```sh
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sudo rpm --query --list 'parallel'
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```
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## Distribution's release upgrade
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> Tested on openSUSE Leap (15.5. to 15.6).
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Suggested to do this **after**:
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- All users logged off;
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- Disabling the GUI (`systemctl stop 'display-manager.service'`).
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Procedure:
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1. Make sure no repository has the release version hardcoded:
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```sh
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sudo sed -i 's|/15.5/|/$releasever/|g' '/etc/zypp/repos.d/'*'.repo'
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```
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1. Refresh the cache:
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```sh
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sudo zypper refresh
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```
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1. Update the **current** release's packages:
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```sh
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sudo zypper update
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```
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1. Refresh the cache again forcing the **new** release version:
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```sh
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sudo zypper --releasever '15.6' refresh
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```
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1. Upgrade the whole distribution to the **new** release:
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```sh
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sudo zypper --releasever '15.6' dist-upgrade
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```
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1. Reboot.
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## Further readings
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- [rpm]
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- [How can I list all files which have been installed by an ZYpp/Zypper package?]
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- [Managing software with command line tools]
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- [Zypp configuration options]
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### Sources
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- [Package repositories]
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- [Additional package repositories]
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- [Command to clean out all unneeded autoinstalled dependencies]
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- [System upgrade]
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- [Zypper cheat sheet]
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- [KDE repositories]
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- [Zypper manual]
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- [45 Zypper commands to manage 'Suse' Linux package management]
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<!--
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Reference
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═╬═Time══
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-->
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<!-- Knowledge base -->
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[rpm]: rpm.md
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<!-- Upstream -->
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[additional package repositories]: https://en.opensuse.org/Additional_package_repositories
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[command to clean out all unneeded autoinstalled dependencies]: https://github.com/openSUSE/zypper/issues/116
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[kde repositories]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:KDE_repositories
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[managing software with command line tools]: https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP5/html/SLES-all/cha-sw-cl.html
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[package repositories]: https://en.opensuse.org/Package_repositories
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[system upgrade]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:System_upgrade
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[zypp configuration options]: https://doc.opensuse.org/projects/libzypp/HEAD/group__ZyppConfig.html
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[zypper cheat sheet]: https://en.opensuse.org/images/1/17/Zypper-cheat-sheet-1.pdf
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[zypper manual]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:Zypper_manual
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<!-- Others -->
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[45 zypper commands to manage 'suse' linux package management]: https://www.tecmint.com/zypper-commands-to-manage-suse-linux-package-management/
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[how can i list all files which have been installed by an zypp/zypper package?]: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/162092/how-can-i-list-all-files-which-have-been-installed-by-an-zypp-zypper-package#239944
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