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Michele Cereda 6650ba2271 chore(osx): install rosetta

2025-04-10 21:28:39 +02:00

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Mac OS X

TL;DR
Taking screenshots
Record the screen
Hidden settings
1. Prevent Apple silicon laptops from turning on when opening their lid or connecting to power
Image manipulation
Resize PDF files
Manage tags
Update the OS from CLI
Keychain access from CLI
Mount an NFS share
Use TouchID to authenticate in the terminal
1. Fix iTerm2
Create custom DNS resolvers
Remap the Home and End keys
Xcode CLI tools
Apps of interest
Boot keys cheatsheet
Further readings
1. Sources

TL;DR

# Install Xcode CLI tools.
xcode-select --install

# Show Xcode tools's path.
xcode-select -p

# Remove Xcode tools.
sudo rm -rf $(xcode-select -p)


# List all available updates.
softwareupdate --list --all

# Install all recommended updates, agreeing to software license agreement
# without interaction, and automatically restart if required.
softwareupdate --install --recommended --restart --agree-to-license

# Download (but not install) recommended updates.
softwareupdate --download --recommended


# Keep the system awake.
caffeinate
caffeinate -dis
caffeinate -t '600'

# Perform network speed tests.
networkquality -sv

# List open ports.
netstat
netstat -n -p 'tcp'
lsof -n -i ':443'
sudo lsof -n -i 'TCP' -s 'TCP:LISTEN'

# Get the PID of processes using specific ports.
lsof -nt -i ':443'

# List network interfaces.
ifconfig
networksetup -listallnetworkservices
networksetup -listallhardwareports

# Get information about network interfaces.
networksetup -getinfo 'Wi-Fi'
ipconfig getoption 'en0' 'domain_name_server'
ipconfig getoption 'en0' 'subnet_mask'

# Clear the DNS cache.
sudo dscacheutil -flushcache; sudo killall -HUP 'mDNSResponder'

# Resolve names.
dscacheutil -q 'host' -a 'name' 'hostname.or.fqdn'
dscacheutil -q 'host' -a 'name' '192.168.1.35'
dscacheutil -q 'host' -a 'name' 'gitlab.lan'


# Check NFS shares are available on the network.
showmount -e 'host'

# Mount NFS shares.
sudo mount -t 'nfs' 'host:/path/to/share' 'path/to/mount/point'
sudo mount -t 'nfs' -o 'rw,resvport' 'host:/path/to/share' 'path/to/mount/point'


# Install .pkg files from CLI.
# 'target' needs to be a *device*, not a path.
installer -pkg '/path/to/nonroot-package.pkg' -target 'CurrentUserHomeDirectory'
sudo installer -pkg '/path/to/root-needed-package.pkg' -target '/'


# Add passwords to the default keychain.
# The password needs to be left last.
security add-generic-password -a 'johnny' -s 'github' -w 'b.good'
security add-generic-password -a 'johnny' -s 'github' -l 'work' \
  -j 'my key for work' -w 'b.good'

# Update passwords' value.
security add-generic-password -a 'johnny' -s 'github' -l 'work' -U -w 'new-pass'

# Print passwords to stdout.
security find-generic-password -w -a 'johnny' -s 'github'
security find-generic-password -w -l 'work'
security find-generic-password -w -l 'work' -s 'github'

# Delete passwords from the default keychain.
security delete-generic-password -a 'johnny' -s 'github'


# Get the host's computer name.
scutil --get 'ComputerName'
/usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "Print :System:System:ComputerName" \
  '/Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/preferences.plist'

# Set the host's computer name.
scutil --set 'ComputerName' 'newComputerName'

# Get the host's bonjour name.
scutil --get 'LocalHostName'
/usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "Print :System:Network:HostNames:LocalHostName" \
  '/Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/preferences.plist'

# Get the host's bonjour name.
scutil --set 'LocalHostName' 'newLocalHostName'
scutil --set 'LocalHostName' \
  "$(defaults read /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.smb.server NetBIOSName)"

# Get the host's netbios name.
defaults read '/Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.smb.server' 'NetBIOSName'
/usr/libexec/PlistBuddy -c "Print :NetBIOSName" \
  '/Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.smb.server.plist'

# Get the DNS configuration.
scutil --dns

# Get the proxy configuration.
scutil --proxy

# Get network information.
scutil --nwi


# Get environment variables from inside launchd.
launchctl getenv 'key'
launchctl export

# Set environment variables inside of launchd.
launchctl setenv 'key' 'value'
launchctl unsetenv 'key' 'value'

# List all loaded jobs.
launchctl list

# List Mach bootstrap services only.
launchctl bslist
launchctl bstree

# Start jobs.
launchctl start 'job_label'

# Stop jobs.
launchctl stop 'job_label'


# Enable file trimming on SSD.
sudo trimforce enable


# Get information about users.
dscl '.' -read "/Users/$USER" 'UserShell'


# Bypass Gatekeeper for currently installed versions.
xattr -c '/path/to/app.app'

# Bypass Gatekeeper for all versions of apps.
xattr -d 'com.apple.quarantine' '/path/to/app.app'
xattr -dr 'com.apple.quarantine' '/path/to/directory'


# Install Rosetta
# Very difficult to remove, once installed
softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license

Taking screenshots

Shortcuts:

Combination	Effect
`command` + `shift` + `3`	Takes a picture of one's entire screen. If using multiple screens, it will create an image for each.
`command` + `shift` + `4`	Allows to select an area on the screen to take a picture of, and it will create one image of the area one selected.
`command` + `shift` + `5`	Brings up a tool that allows you to do all the above things as well as creating videos (with audio) of all or part of the screen.

In the case of the first 2 options one can also hold the control key (e.g.: command + shift + control + 3) to send the screenshot to the clipboard instead.

Record the screen

Use Quicktime Player to capture an area or the full screen by opening the application and selecting New Screen Recording under the File menu, or by pressing command + control + n.

Hidden settings

See the defaults command.

Prevent Apple silicon laptops from turning on when opening their lid or connecting to power

Mac laptops with Apple silicon automatically turn on and start up when one opens their lid or connects them to power.

From macOS Sequoia 15, one can change this behavior.
This will not affect one's ability to use the keyboard or trackpad to turn on the Mac.

Prevent startup when opening the lid or connecting to power

sudo nvram BootPreference=%00

Prevent startup only when opening the lid

sudo nvram BootPreference=%01

Prevent startup only when connecting to power

sudo nvram BootPreference=%02

Undo any of the previous commands and reenable automatic startup when opening the lid or connecting to power:

sudo nvram -d BootPreference

Image manipulation

Use Preview to perform basic image manipulation through the GUI.
See Resize, rotate, or flip an image in Preview on Mac.

See sips for the command line utility shipping with OS X by default.
Install ImageMagick if you need something more powerful.

Resize PDF files

In the Preview app:

Open the PDF file you want to compress.
Choose File > Export.
Do not choose Export as PDF.
Click the Quartz Filter pop-up menu, then choose Reduce File Size.
Click the Export button.

Alternatively, check ImageMagick or Ghostscript out.

Manage tags

Tags are stored both in a file's or folder's com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags extended attribute.

Avoid using the xattr tool, as it almost always returns the hex dump of a plist file, which needs to be converted:

$ xattr -px com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags 'path/to/file' \
| perl -wane 'print chr hex for @F' | plutil -p -
[
  0 => "test"
]

mdls returns a more readable output, but still is not really useful for other actions than read:

$ mdls -raw -name kMDItemUserTags 'path/to/file'
(
    test
)

See jdberry/tag for a more versatile command line utility.
See Tagging files from the macOS command line for more information.

Update the OS from CLI

# List all available updates.
softwareupdate --list --all

# Install all recommended updates.
# Agree to software license agreement without interaction.
# Automatically restart if required.
softwareupdate --install --recommended --restart --agree-to-license

# Download (but not install) recommended updates.
softwareupdate --download --recommended

Keychain access from CLI

Save a password with the following settings:

user (a.k.a. account): johnny
password: b.good
service name: github
[optional] entry name (a.k.a. label): work; if not given, the service name will be used
[optional] comment: my key for work; if not given, it will be left blank

The password's value needs to be given last.

# Add the password to the default keychain.
security add-generic-password -a johnny -s github -w 'b.good'
# Also give it some optional data.
security add-generic-password -a johnny -s github -l work \
  -j 'my key for work' -w 'b.good'
# Update passwords' value.
security add-generic-password -a johnny -s github -l work -U -w 'new-pass'

# Print the above password to stdout.
security find-generic-password -w -a johnny -s github
security find-generic-password -w -l work
security find-generic-password -w -l work -s github

# Delete it.
security delete-generic-password -a johnny -s github

Check the share is available on the network:
```
showmount -e 'host'
```

Mount the share:

Using the CLI:

mkdir -p 'path/to/mount/point'
sudo mount -t 'nfs' 'host:/path/to/share' 'path/to/mount/point'
sudo mount -t 'nfs' -o 'rw,resvport' 'host:/path/to/share' 'path/to/mount/point'

Use TouchID to authenticate in the terminal

Add the pam_tid.so module as sufficient to /etc/pam.d/sudo:

# sudo: auth account password session
+auth       sufficient     pam_tid.so
auth       sufficient     pam_smartcard.so
auth       required       pam_opendirectory.so

This file is normally read-only, so saving your changes may require you to force the save (e.g. vim will require the use of wq! when saving).

Fix iTerm2

iTerm2 from version 3.2.8 comes with a reattach advanced feature which is incompatible with the addition of the pam_tid.so module alone.

One can either:

Disable the feature.
iTerm2 > Preferences > Advanced > (Goto the Session heading) > Allow sessions to survive logging out and back in.

Install and enable the pam_reattach.so module as optional to /etc/pam.d/sudo:

# pick one
brew install pam-reattach
sudo port install pam-reattach

# sudo: auth account password session
+auth       optional       /opt/local/lib/pam/pam_reattach.so ignore_ssh
+auth       sufficient     pam_tid.so
auth       sufficient     pam_smartcard.so
auth       required       pam_opendirectory.so

When the module is not installed in /usr/lib/pam or /usr/local/lib/pam (e.g. on M1 Macs where Homebrew is installed in /opt/homebrew), one must specify the full path to the module in the PAM service file.

Create custom DNS resolvers

Refer macOS: Using Custom DNS Resolvers.

Avoid adding custom DNS servers to /etc/resolv.conf as it often gets overwritten or otherwise edited by VPN clients and such.

Instead:

Create the /etc/resolver/ folder.
Inside that folder, create new files with the name of the domains one wants custom DNS settings for
In this example, lab.local.

Edit those files by adding one's custom domain, search path and nameservers:

domain lab.local
search lab.local
nameserver 192.168.1.254
nameserver 192.168.1.1

Force a DNS refresh:

sudo dscacheutil -flushcache; sudo killall -HUP 'mDNSResponder'

Verify the new DNS settings are in place:

scutil --dns | grep -C '3' '192.168.1.254'

Check that name resolution works:

dscacheutil -q 'host' -a 'name' '192.168.1.35'
dscacheutil -q 'host' -a 'name' 'gitlab.lan'

Remap the Home and End keys

Refer Remap Home and End Keys? and trusktr's default keybindings.

mkdir -p "$HOME/Library/KeyBindings"
cat <<-EOF | tee "$HOME/Library/KeyBindings/DefaultKeyBinding.dict"
{
  /* Remap Home and End keys to act primarily on lines */
  "\UF729" = "moveToBeginningOfLine:"; /* Home */
  "\UF72B" = "moveToEndOfLine:"; /* End */
  "$\UF729" = "moveToBeginningOfLineAndModifySelection:"; /* Shift + Home */
  "$\UF72B" = "moveToEndOfLineAndModifySelection:"; /* Shift + End */
  "^\UF729" = "moveToBeginningOfDocument:"; /* Ctrl + Home */
  "^\UF72B" = "moveToEndOfDocument:"; /* Ctrl + End */
  "$^\UF729" = "moveToBeginningOfDocumentAndModifySelection:"; /* Shift + Ctrl + Home */
  "$^\UF72B" = "moveToEndOfDocumentAndModifySelection:"; /* Shift + Ctrl + End */
}
EOF

Xcode CLI tools

xcode-select --install

The tools will be installed into /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools by default, with the binaries being available at $(xcode-select -p)/usr/bin/.

Headless installation

# Force the `softwareupdate` utility to list the Command Line Tools.
touch /tmp/.com.apple.dt.CommandLineTools.installondemand.in-progress

# Get their label.
CLI_TOOLS_LABEL="$(\
  /usr/sbin/softwareupdate -l \
  | grep -B 1 -E 'Command Line Tools' \
  | awk -F'*' '/^ *\\*/ {print $2}' \
  | sed -e 's/^ *Label: //' -e 's/^ *//' \
  | sort -V \
  | tail -n1 \
)"

# Install them.
/usr/sbin/softwareupdate -i --agree-to-license "$CLI_TOOLS_LABEL"

Removal

sudo rm -rf "$(xcode-select -p)"
sudo rm -rf '/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools'

Upgrade

See How to update Xcode from command line for details.

# Remove and reinstall.
sudo rm -rf "$(xcode-select -p)"
xcode-select --install

Apps of interest

Name	Description
BlueSnooze	Prevents your sleeping computer from connecting to Bluetooth accessories
Clocker	Menu bar timezone tracker and compact calendar
iBar - menubar icon control tool	Hide and show menu bar icons
Itsycal	Menu bar calendar
KeepingYouAwake	Prevent the mac from sleeping
KeyboardCleanTool	Blocks all Keyboard and TouchBar input
Liuhai - hide topnotch	Hide the annoying notch on laptops
Maccy	Clipboard manager
MonitorControl	Tool to control external monitor brightness & volume
Mos	Smooths scrolling and set mouse scroll directions independently
Rectangle	Move and resize windows in macOS using keyboard shortcuts or snap areas

Boot keys cheatsheet

Only available on Intel based Macs.

To use any of these key combinations, press and hold the keys immediately after pressing the power button to turn on your Mac, or after your Mac begins to restart. Keep holding until the described behavior occurs.

Combination	Behaviour
`⌥ Option` or `Alt`	Start to Startup Manager, which allows you to choose other available startup disks or volumes. If your Mac is using a firmware password, you're prompted to enter the password
`⌥ Option` + `⌘ Command` + `P` + `R`	Reset the NVRAM or PRAM. If your Mac is using a firmware password, it ignores this key combination or starts up from Recovery
`⇧ Shift`	Start in safe mode. Disabled when using a firmware password
`⌘ Command` + `R`	Start from the built-in Recovery system
`⌥ Option` + `⌘ Command` + `R` or `⇧ Shift` + `⌥ Option` + `⌘ Command` + `R`	Start from Recovery over the Internet. It installs different versions of macOS, depending on the key combination you use while starting up. If your Mac is using a firmware password, you're prompted to enter the password
`⏏ Eject` or `F12` or `mouse button` or `trackpad button`	Eject a removable media, such as an optical disc. Disabled when using a firmware password
`T`	Start in target disk mode. Disabled when using a firmware password
`⌘ Command` + `V`	Start in verbose mode. Disabled when using a firmware password
`D`	Start to Apple Diagnostics
`⌥ Option` + `D`	Start to Apple Diagnostics over the Internet. Disabled when using a firmware password
`N`	Start from a NetBoot server, if your Mac supports network startup volumes. Disabled when using a firmware password
`⌥ Option` + `N`	Start from a NetBoot server and use the default boot image on it. Disabled when using a firmware password
`⌘ Command` + `S`	Start in single-user mode. Disabled in macOS Mojave or later, or when using a firmware password

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