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Proxy
Application acting as an intermediary between a client requesting a resource and the server providing that resource.
It may reside on one's local host or at any point between it and destination servers on the Internet.
Proxy servers passing unmodified requests and responses are usually called gateways or tunneling proxies.
Anonymous proxies reveal their identity as proxy servers but do not disclose the originating IP address of clients.
Transparent proxies identify themself as proxy servers but also give the originating IP address away using HTTP header
fields like X-Forwarded-For.
Forwarding proxy
Internet-facing proxies used to retrieve and eventually cache data from a wide range of sources (in most cases, anywhere on the Internet).
Reverse proxy
Proxy servers that accept connections from clients, forward them to one or more backend servers to handle the requests,
and return the response as if it came directly from them.
This should leave the clients with no knowledge of the backend servers.
Reverse proxies commonly perform load-balancing, authentication, decryption and caching.
Further readings
Reverse proxies: