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Michele Cereda
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# LoRa
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FIXME
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Acronym for _Long Range_.
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Physical layer for wireless communication networks.<br/>
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Includes the modulation technique used for long-range, low-power communication.
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LoRa is the radio signal that transmits the data over the air using spread spectrum technology.
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Ensures long-distance communication and robust data transmission using Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation. It is
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responsible for the low-level radio transmission.
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Deals with the physical transmission of data over the air. It is concerned with the signal characteristics and the
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method of transmitting data.
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Focuses on LoRa chipsets and their ability to transmit data to the cloud over long distances using minimal power.
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Does not include security mechanisms; it is purely a physical layer technology.
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LoRa is the radio signal that carries the data, and LoRaWAN is the communication protocol that controls and defines how
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that data is communicated across the network.
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LoRa is a wireless modulation technique derived from Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) technology. It encodes information on
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radio waves using chirp pulses - similar to the way dolphins and bats communicate! LoRa modulated transmission is robust
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against disturbances and can be received across great distances.
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LoRa is ideal for applications that transmit small chunks of data with low bit rates. Data can be transmitted at a
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longer range compared to technologies like WiFi, Bluetooth or ZigBee. These features make LoRa well suited for sensors
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and actuators that operate in low power mode.
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LoRa can be operated on the license free sub-gigahertz bands, for example, 915 MHz, 868 MHz, and 433 MHz. It also can be
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operated on 2.4 GHz to achieve higher data rates compared to sub-gigahertz bands, at the cost of range. These
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frequencies fall into ISM bands that are reserved internationally for industrial, scientific, and medical purposes.
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<!-- Remove this line to uncomment if used
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## Table of contents <!-- omit in toc -->
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1. [TL;DR](#tldr)
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1. [LoRaWAN](#lorawan)
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1. [Further readings](#further-readings)
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1. [Sources](#sources)
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## TL;DR
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<!-- Uncomment if used
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<details>
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<summary>Setup</summary>
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```sh
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```
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</details>
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-->
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<!-- Uncomment if used
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<details>
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<summary>Usage</summary>
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```sh
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```
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</details>
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-->
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<!-- Uncomment if used
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<details>
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<summary>Real world use cases</summary>
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```sh
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```
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</details>
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-->
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## LoRaWAN
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FIXME
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Acronym for _Long Range Wide Area Network_.
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Network standard and system architecture for managing communication between LoRaWAN devices and the network server.
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Defines the communication standard and system architecture at the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer.
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Registered specification for low power, wide area networking.
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Designed to wirelessly connect battery operated _things_ to the Internet in regional, national or global networks.<br/>
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Targets key Internet of Things (IoT) requirements like bi-directional communication, end-to-end security, mobility and
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localization services.
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Operates in **unlicensed** radio frequency bands.
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Known for having long-range capabilities (up to 15 km in rural areas), low power consumption, and the ability to connect
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a large number of devices to a single network.
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Manages device communication, data rates, and battery life, overseeing how data is sent and received, including
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security, data integrity, and the overall network structure.
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Encompasses the entire network stack, including network management, communication protocols, and application interfaces,
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ensuring data is properly routed and devices are managed efficiently.
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Includes end-devices, gateways, network servers, and application servers, coordinating how data is relayed, managed, and
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utilized across the network.
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Implements security measures like encryption and device authentication to protect data integrity and privacy.
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LoRaWAN is a Media Access Control (MAC) layer protocol built on top of LoRa modulation. It is a software layer which
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defines how devices use the LoRa hardware, for example when they transmit, and the format of messages.
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The Things Network is powered by The Things Stack, which is a LoRaWAN network server that receives messages from
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LoRaWAN devices.
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The LoRaWAN protocol is developed and maintained by the [LoRa Alliance].
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## Further readings
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- [LoRa Alliance]
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- [The Things Network]
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### Sources
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- [What are LoRa and LoRaWAN?]
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<!--
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Reference
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═╬═Time══
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-->
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<!-- In-article sections -->
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<!-- Knowledge base -->
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<!-- Files -->
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<!-- Upstream -->
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<!-- Others -->
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[lora alliance]: https://lora-alliance.org/
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[the things network]: https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/
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[what are lora and lorawan?]: https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/docs/lorawan/what-is-lorawan/
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