-- Single line comment
/*
 * multi-line comment
 */

-- Add '+' to psql commands to get more information


-- Show help
help

-- Show available SQL commands
\h

-- Show available psql commands
\?


-- Show PostgreSQL version
SELECT version();

-- Show connection information
\conninfo


-- Load extensions globally in the instance
-- If supported (no RDS)
ALTER SYSTEM SET shared_preload_libraries = 'anon';
ALTER DATABASE postgres SET session_preload_libraries = 'anon';


-- List databases
\l
\list+
SELECT datname FROM pg_database;

-- Create databases
CREATE DATABASE world;

-- Show database settings
SELECT * FROM pg_settings;
SELECT "name", "setting" FROM pg_settings WHERE NAME LIKE '%log%';
SHOW "wal_keep_size";
SHOW "password_encryption";
SHOW "pgaudit.log";

-- Change database settings *for the current session* only
SET pgaudit.log = none;
SET password_encryption = scram-sha-256;

-- Change database settings permanently
-- Will *not* be active for the current session, logout and login again to see the change
ALTER DATABASE reviser SET pgaudit.log TO none;

-- Switch between databases
\c sales
\connect vendor


-- List schemas
\dn
SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata;
SELECT nspname FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace;

-- Create schemas
CREATE SCHEMA mundane;
CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS mundane AUTHORIZATION joe;

-- Remove schemas
DROP SCHEMA mundane;
DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS mundane CASCADE;


-- List tables
\d
\dt
\dt+

-- Create tables
CREATE TABLE people (
  id          char(2)      PRIMARY KEY,
  first_name  varchar(40)  NOT NULL,
  last_name   text(40)     NOT NULL,
  phone       varchar(20)
);

-- Show table structure
\d sales
\d+ clients
SELECT column_name, data_type, character_maximum_length FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS WHERE table_name = 'vendors';


-- Insert data
INSERT INTO people(id, first_name, last_name, phone)
VALUES
  ('T1', 'Sarah', 'Conor', '0609110911'),
  ('wa', 'Wally', 'Polly', null);


-- Revoke *default* privileges
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA cache REVOKE select ON TABLES FROM sales;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE juan IN SCHEMA cache REVOKE all ON TABLES FROM sales;


-- List users with respective roles
\du
\du+
-- List users only
SELECT usename FROM pg_catalog.pg_user;
-- List roles only
SELECT rolname FROM pg_catalog.pg_roles;

-- Check the current user has SuperUser privileges
SHOW is_superuser;

-- Create roles
-- Roles *are* users *and* groups since PostgreSQL vFIXME
-- Users are just roles that can LOGIN
-- Does *not* support IF NOT EXISTS
CREATE ROLE miriam;
CREATE ROLE miriam WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'jw8s0F4' VALID UNTIL '2005-01-01';
CREATE USER mike IN ROLE engineers;

-- Grant roles SuperUser privileges
-- The role granting privileges must be already SuperUser
ALTER USER joel WITH SUPERUSER;

-- Revoke SuperUser privileges
ALTER USER joel WITH NOSUPERUSER;

-- Grant privileges to users
ALTER USER mark CREATEDB REPLICATION;
ALTER ROLE miriam CREATEROLE CREATEDB;

-- Change passwords
ALTER USER mike WITH PASSWORD NULL;
ALTER USER jonathan WITH PASSWORD 'seagull5-pantomime-Resting';
ALTER ROLE samantha WITH PASSWORD 'Wing5+Trunks3+Relic2' VALID UNTIL 'August 4 12:00:00 2024 +1';

-- Change password's validity
ALTER ROLE fred VALID UNTIL 'infinity';

-- Rename roles
ALTER ROLE manager RENAME TO boss;

-- Assign roles to users
GRANT rds_superuser TO mike;

-- Remove role memberships from users
REVOKE engineers FROM mike;

-- List permissions
-- on tables
SELECT *
FROM information_schema.role_table_grants
WHERE grantee = 'darwin';
-- about ownership
SELECT *
FROM pg_tables
WHERE tableowner = 'darwin';
-- on schemas
SELECT
  r.usename AS grantor,
  e.usename AS grantee,
  nspname,
  privilege_type,
  is_grantable
FROM pg_namespace
JOIN LATERAL (
  SELECT *
  FROM aclexplode(nspacl) AS x
) a ON true
JOIN pg_user e ON a.grantee = e.usesysid
JOIN pg_user r ON a.grantor = r.usesysid
WHERE e.usename = 'darwin';


-- Close the connection to the current DB
\q
\quit


-- Get passwords
SELECT rolpassword from pg_authid where rolname = 'admin';


-- Show available extensions
SELECT name FROM pg_available_extensions ORDER BY name;

-- Show installed extensions
\dx
SELECT * FROM pg_extension;
SELECT extname FROM pg_extension ORDER BY extname;

-- Show extensions versions
SELECT postgis_version(), postgis_full_version(), postgis_lib_version();

-- Add extensions
CREATE EXTENSION pg_transport;
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pgaudit;

-- Remove extensions
DROP EXTENSION plpgsql;
DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS plpgsql, btree_gist, … CASCADE;


-- Simulate DB transfers
-- Requires 'pg_transport' to be installed on both the source and destination DBs
-- Requires 'pg_transport' to be the *only* extension active on the source
SELECT transport.import_from_server(
  'up.to.63.chars.source.fqdn', 5432,
  'source.username', 'source.password', 'source.db',
  'destination.password',
  true
);

-- Run DB transfers
-- Requires 'pg_transport' to be installed on both the source and destination DBs
-- Requires 'pg_transport' to be the *only* extension active on the source
SELECT transport.import_from_server(
  'up.to.63.chars.source.fqdn', 5432,
  'source.username', 'source.password', 'source.db',
  'destination.password',
  false
);


-- List replication slots
SELECT * FROM pg_replication_slots;

-- Create replication slots
-- Requires the executor to be superuser or replication role
SELECT pg_create_physical_replication_slot('peerflow_slot_prod');
SELECT pg_create_logical_replication_slot('airbyte_slot', 'pgoutput');

-- Drop replication slots
SELECT pg_drop_replication_slot('airbyte_slot');


-- List publications
\dRp
\dRp+

-- Create publications
CREATE PUBLICATION peerflow_prod FOR ALL TABLES;
CREATE PUBLICATION airbyte FOR TABLE call_log, queue_log;


-- Wildcards
-- '%' = zero or more characters
-- '_' = exactly 1 character
SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE '% Banda';  -- ends with ' Banda'
SELECT name FROM customers WHERE name LIKE '%banda%';  -- contains 'banda'
SELECT id FROM customers WHERE City LIKE 'L___on';  -- starts with 'L', followed by any 3 characters, followed by 'on'


-- Comparison with lists
SELECT * FROM users WHERE username IN ('matthew', 'lucas', 'todd', 'roxy', 'kyle', 'ken', 'gideon');
SELECT * FROM users WHERE username NOT IN ('knives', 'wallace');


-- Shuffle data
-- source: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33555524/postgresql-shuffle-column-values#33555639
WITH
  ids AS (
    SELECT
      row_number() OVER (ORDER BY random()) row_num,
      vendor_id AS new_vendor_id
    FROM vendors
  ),
  names AS (
    SELECT
      row_number() OVER (ORDER BY random()) row_num,
      vendor_name AS new_vendor_name
    FROM vendors
  )
UPDATE vendors
  SET
    vendor_id = new_vendor_id,
    vendor_name = new_vendor_name
  FROM ids JOIN names ON ids.row_num = names.row_num
  WHERE vendor_id = new_vendor_id;


-- Deterministic random values
SELECT setseed(0.25), round(random()::DECIMAL, 15) AS random_number;  -- seed must be in [-1:1]


-- Search values in all tables
-- source: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5350088/how-to-search-a-specific-value-in-all-tables-postgresql/23036421#23036421
--         └── https://github.com/dverite/postgresql-functions/tree/master/global_search


-- Functions
-- Refer <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createfunction.html>
\df
\df+ to_char
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION';
SELECT p.proname FROM pg_catalog.pg_namespace n JOIN pg_catalog.pg_proc p ON p.pronamespace = n.oid WHERE p.prokind = 'f';

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION return_1() RETURNS INTEGER LANGUAGE SQL RETURN 1;


-- Type casting
SELECT
  CAST ('21' AS INTEGER), 420.69::INTEGER,
  CAST('100' AS DOUBLE PRECISION), '100.93'::FLOAT,
  CAST ('true' AS BOOLEAN),
  CAST('2024-02-01 12:34:56' AS DATE), '01-OCT-2015' ::DATE,
  CAST('2016-11-11' AS TIMESTAMP), '2016-11-11'::TIMESTAMP,
  CAST ('15 minute' AS INTERVAL), '3 month' :: INTERVAL,
  CAST ('20 days' AS TEXT), '24 hour':: TEXT,
  CAST (ARRAY[1,3,5] AS TEXT),
  '{1,2,3}'::INTEGER[] AS result_array;
SELECT to_char(42, '0000');  -- '0042'
SELECT to_number('12,454.9', '99G999D9S');