# ZSH

## Table of contents <!-- omit in toc -->

1. [TL;DR](#tldr)
1. [Alias expansion](#alias-expansion)
1. [Parameter expansion](#parameter-expansion)
   1. [Parameter substitution](#parameter-substitution)
      1. [Check if a variable is set](#check-if-a-variable-is-set)
      1. [Provide a default value](#provide-a-default-value)
      1. [Just substitute with its value if set](#just-substitute-with-its-value-if-set)
      1. [Set a default value and substitute](#set-a-default-value-and-substitute)
      1. [Fail on missing value](#fail-on-missing-value)
   1. [Matching and replacement](#matching-and-replacement)
1. [Arrays](#arrays)
1. [Tests](#tests)
1. [Find broken symlinks in the current directory](#find-broken-symlinks-in-the-current-directory)
1. [Key bindings](#key-bindings)
1. [Configuration](#configuration)
   1. [Config files read order](#config-files-read-order)
   1. [History](#history)
   1. [Completion](#completion)
   1. [Prompt management](#prompt-management)
   1. [Automatic source of files in a folder](#automatic-source-of-files-in-a-folder)
1. [Frameworks](#frameworks)
1. [Plugins](#plugins)
1. [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)
    1. [The delete, end and/or home keys are not working as intended](#the-delete-end-andor-home-keys-are-not-working-as-intended)
    1. [Compinit warnings of insecure directories and files](#compinit-warnings-of-insecure-directories-and-files)
1. [Further readings](#further-readings)

## TL;DR

Startup files load sequence:

1. `/etc/zshenv`
1. `${ZDOTDIR}/.zshenv`
1. **login** shells only:
   1. `/etc/zprofile`
   1. `${ZDOTDIR}/.zprofile`
1. **interactive** shells only:
   1. `/etc/zshrc`
   1. `${ZDOTDIR}/.zshrc`
1. **login** shells only:
   1. `/etc/zlogin`
   1. `${ZDOTDIR}/.zlogin`

Exit files load sequence:

1. `/etc/zlogout`
1. `${ZDOTDIR}/.zlogout`

Aliases are expanded when the function definition is parsed, not when the function is executed.<br/>
Define aliases **before** functions to avoid problems.

```sh
# Logout after 3 minutes of inactivity.
TMOUT=180

# Quoting.
"$scalar"
"${array[@]}"
"${(@)array}"

# Create a function.
function_name () { … }
function function_name { … }
function function_name () { … }

# Regex match.
[[ "$OSTYPE" =~ "darwin" ]]
[[ "$OSTYPE" -regex-match "darwin" ]]

# Find broken symlinks in the current directory.
ls **/*(-@)

# Print all shell and environment variables.
setopt posixbuiltins && set

# Treat '#' as a comment starter instead of matching patterns.
# Disabled by default in interactive sessions, enabled by default in
# non-interactive ones.
setopt interactive_comments
shopt -u interactive_comments

# Print exported variables only.
export -p

# Make entries unique in an array.
typeset -aU path

# Show all active key bindings.
bindkey

# Reassign keys.
bindkey "^[[3~" delete-char
bindkey "^[[F"  end-of-line
bindkey "^[[H"  beginning-of-line

# Make a variable value uppercase.
echo ${name:u}
echo ${(U)name}

# Make a variable value lowercase.
echo ${name:l}
echo ${(L)name}

# Declare a variable as inherently lower case or upper case.
# The variable will automatically be lower- or uppercased on expansion.
typeset -l name
typeset -u name
```

## Alias expansion

When one writes an alias, one can also press `ctrl-x` followed by `a` to see the expansion of that alias.

## Parameter expansion

Parameter expansions can involve flags like `${(@kv)aliases}` and other operators such as
`${PREFIX:-"/usr/local"}`.<br/>
Nested parameters expand from the inside out.

If the parameter is a **scalar** (a number or string) then the value, if any, is substituted:

```sh
$ scalar='hello'
$ echo "$scalar"
hello
```

Curly braces are required if the expansion is followed by letters, digits or underscores that are not to be interpreted
as part of name:

```sh
$ echo "${scalar}_world"
hello_world
```

If the parameter is an **array**, then the value of each element is substituted, one element per word:

```sh
$ typeset -a array=( 'hello' 'world' )
$ echo "${array[@]}"
hello world
```

The two forms `array[@]` and `(@)array` are equivalent:

```sh
$ echo "${(@)array}"
hello world
```

### Parameter substitution

#### Check if a variable is set

Use the form `+parameterName`.<br/>
If _name_ is set, even to an empty string, then its value is substituted by _1_, otherwise by _0_:

```sh
$ typeset name='tralala'
$ echo "${+name}"
1

$ name=''
$ echo "${+name}"
1

$ unset name
$ echo "${+name}"
0
```

#### Provide a default value

Use the forms `parameterName-defaultValue` or `parameterName:-defaultValue`.<br/>
If _name_ is set then substitute its value, otherwise substitute _word_:

```sh
$ name='tralala'
$ echo "${name-word}"
tralala

$ name=''
$ echo "${name-word}"
(empty string)

$ unset name
$ echo "${name-word}"
word
```

In the second form:

- only substitute its value if _name_ is non-null, and
- _name_ may be omitted, in which case _word_ is **always** substituted:

```sh
$ name='tralala'
$ echo "${name:-word}"
tralala

$ name=''
$ echo "${name:-word}"
word

$ unset name
$ echo "${name:-word}"
word

$ echo "${:-word}"
word
```

#### Just substitute with its value if set

Use the forms `parameterName+defaultValue` or `parameterName:+defaultValue`.<br/>
If _name_ is set, then substitute it with its value, otherwise substitute nothing:

```sh
$ name='tralala'
$ echo "${name+word}"
word

$ name=''
$ echo "${name+word}"
word

$ unset name
$ echo "${name+word}"
(empty line)
```

In the second form, only substitute its value if _name_ is set **and** non-null:

```sh
$ name='tralala'
$ echo "${name:+word}"
word

$ name=''
$ echo "${name:+word}"
(empty line)

$ unset name
$ echo "${name:+word}"
(empty line)
```

#### Set a default value and substitute

Use the forms `parameterName=defaultValue`, `parameterName:=defaultValue` or `parameterName::=defaultValue`.<br/>
In the first form, if _name_ is unset then set it to _word_:

```sh
$ name='tralala'         # value: 'tralala'
$ echo "${name=word}"
tralala

$ name=''                # value: ''
$ echo "${name=word}"
(empty line)

$ unset name             # unset
$ echo "${name=word}"    # value: 'word'
word

$ echo "$name"
word
```

In the second form, if _name_ is unset or null then set it to _word_:

```sh
$ name='tralala'         # value: 'tralala'
$ echo "${name:=word}"
tralala

$ name=''                # value: ''
$ echo "${name:=word}"   # value: 'word'
word

$ echo "$name"
word

$ unset name             # unset
$ echo "${name:=word}"   # value: 'word'
word

$ echo "$name"
word
```

In the third form, unconditionally set _name_ to _word_:

```sh
$ name='tralala'         # value: 'tralala'
$ echo "${name::=word}"
word

$ echo "$name"
word

$ name=''                # value: ''
$ echo "${name::=word}"  # value: 'word'
word

$ echo "$name"
word

$ unset name             # unset
$ echo "${name::=word}"  # value: 'word'
word

$ echo "$name"
word
```

#### Fail on missing value

Use the forms `parameterName?defaultValue` or `parameterName:?defaultValue`.<br/>
In the first form, if _name_ is set then substitute its value, otherwise print _word_ and exit from the shell.

```sh
$ name='tralala'
$ echo "${name?word}"
tralala

$ name=''
$ echo "${name?word}"
(empty line)

$ unset name
$ echo "${name?word}"
zsh: name: word
```

In the second form, substitute its value only if _name_ is both set and non-null:

```sh
$ name='tralala'
$ echo "${name:?word}"
tralala

$ name=''
$ echo "${name:?word}"
zsh: name: word

$ unset name
$ echo "${name:?word}"
zsh: name: word
```

Interactive shells return to the prompt.

If _word_ is omitted, a standard message is printed in its place:

```sh
$ name=''
$ echo "${name:?}"
zsh: name: parameter not set
```

### Matching and replacement

In the following expressions, when _name_ is an array and the substitution is not quoted, or if the `(@)` flag or the
`name[@]` syntax is used, matching and replacement is performed **on each array element** separately.

FIXME

## Arrays

Also see [Associative arrays in zsh].

```sh
# Get a slice of an array.
# Negative numbers count backwards.
echo "${ARRAY[2,-1]}"

# Get all folders up to a non folder, backwards.
local COMMAND
local FOLDERS=()
for (( I = $# ; I >= 0 ; I-- ))
do
  if [[ -d "${@[$I]}" ]]
  then
    FOLDERS+="${@[$I]}"
  else
    COMMAND="${@[1,-$((${#FOLDERS}+1))]}"
    break
  fi
done

# Make entries unique in an array.
# See https://til.hashrocket.com/posts/7evpdebn7g-remove-duplicates-in-zsh-path.
typeset -aU path
```

## Tests

```sh
# Regex match.
[[ "$OSTYPE" =~ "darwin" ]]
[[ "$OSTYPE" -regex-match "darwin" ]]
```

## Find broken symlinks in the current directory

```sh
ls **/*(-@)
```

## Key bindings

```sh
# Show all active key bindings.
bindkeys

# Make the home, end and delete key work as expected.
# To know the code of a key execute `cat`, press enter, the key, and Ctrl+C.
bindkey  "^[[H"   beginning-of-line
bindkey  "^[[F"   end-of-line
bindkey  "^[[3~"  delete-char
```

## Configuration

### Config files read order

1. `/etc/zshenv`; this cannot be overridden<br/>
   subsequent behaviour is modified by the `RCS` and `GLOBAL_RCS` options:

   - `RCS` affects all startup files
   - `GLOBAL_RCS` only affects global startup files (those shown here with an path starting with a /)

   If one of the options is unset at any point, any subsequent startup file(s) of the corresponding type will not be
   read.<br/>
   It is also possible for a file in `$ZDOTDIR` to re-enable `GLOBAL_RCS`.<br/>
   Both `RCS` and `GLOBAL_RCS` are set by default

1. `$ZDOTDIR/.zshenv`
1. if the shell is a login shell:

   1. `/etc/zprofile`
   1. `$ZDOTDIR/.zprofile`

1. if the shell is interactive:

   1. `/etc/zshrc`
   1. `$ZDOTDIR/.zshrc`

1. if the shell is a login shell:

   1. `/etc/zlogin`
   1. `$ZDOTDIR/.zlogin`

1. when a login shell exits:

   1. `$ZDOTDIR/.zlogout`
   1. `/etc/zlogout`

   This happens with either an explicit exit via the `exit` or `logout` commands, or an implicit exit by reading
   `end-of-file` from the terminal.<br/>
   However, if the shell terminates due to exec'ing another process, the files are not read. These are also affected by
   the `RCS` and `GLOBAL_RCS` options.<br/>
   The `RCS` option affects the saving of history files, i.e. if `RCS` is unset when the shell exits, no history file
   will be saved.

If `ZDOTDIR` is unset, `HOME` is used instead. Files listed above as being in `/etc` may be in another directory,
depending on the installation.

`/etc/zshenv` is run for **all** instances of zsh.<br/>
it is a good idea to put code that does not need to be run for every single shell behind a test of the form
`if [[ -o rcs ]]; then ...` so that it will not be executed when zsh is invoked with the `-f` option.

When `/etc/zprofile` is installed it will override `PATH` and possibly other variables that a user may set in
`~/.zshenv`. Custom `PATH` settings and similar overridden variables can be moved to `~/.zprofile` or other user startup
files that are sourced after the `/etc/zprofile`.<br/>
If `PATH` must be set in `~/.zshenv` to affect things like non-login ssh shells, one method is to use a separate
path-setting file that is conditionally sourced in `~/.zshenv` and also sourced from `~/.zprofile`.

### History

```sh
# The maximum number of events stored in the internal history list.
# If you use the HIST_EXPIRE_DUPS_FIRST option, setting this value larger than
# the SAVEHIST size will give you the difference as a cushion for saving
# duplicated history events.
HISTSIZE=1000

# The file to save the history in when an interactive shell exits.
# If unset, the history is not saved.
HISTFILE=~/.histfile

# The maximum number of history events to save in the history file.
SAVEHIST=1000
```

### Completion

```sh
# Enable completion.
autoload -U compinit
compinit

# Enable cache for the completions.
zstyle ':completion::complete:*' use-cache true
```

### Prompt management

```sh
# Enable prompt management.
autoload -U promptinit
promptinit; prompt theme-name
```

### Automatic source of files in a folder

```sh
# Configuration modules.
# All files in the configuration folder will be automatically loaded in
# numeric order. The last file setting a value overrides the previous ones.
# Links are only sourced if their reference exists.
: "${ZSH_MODULES_DIR:-$HOME/.zshrc.d}"
if [[ -d "$ZSH_MODULES_DIR" ]]
then
  for ZSH_MODULE in "$ZSH_MODULES_DIR"/*
  do
    [[ -r "$ZSH_MODULE" ]] && source "$ZSH_MODULE"
  done
  unset ZSH_MODULE
fi
```

## Frameworks

- [antibody]
- [antidote]
- [antigen]
- [ohmyzsh]
- [zcomet]
- [zplug]

## Plugins

[Awesome zsh plugins] is a comprehensive list of various plugins for ZSH.

What follows are some I always add to my setup:

- [fzf]
- [zsh-autosuggestions]
- [zsh-completions]
- [zsh-history-substring-search]
- [zsh-syntax-highlighting]

## Troubleshooting

### The delete, end and/or home keys are not working as intended

Some setting or plugin changed the key binding. Reassign them to obtain the expected behaviour:

```sh
bindkey  "^[[H"   beginning-of-line
bindkey  "^[[F"   end-of-line
bindkey  "^[[3~"  delete-char
```

> To know the code of a key, execute cat, press enter, press the key, then Ctrl+C.

### Compinit warnings of insecure directories and files

Compinit is complaining of some critical files being group writable. Running `compaudit` will list those files. Just use
it to remove the group's write permission:

```sh
compaudit | xargs chmod g-w
```

## Further readings

- [Substitutions]
- [ZSH compinit: insecure directories and files, run compaudit for list]
- [Pattern matching in a conditional expression]
- [Remove duplicates in ZSH path]
- [Completion config example]
- [What should/shouldn't go in .zshenv, .zshrc, .zlogin, .zprofile, .zlogout?]
- [The Z Shell Manual]
- [Gentoo Wiki]
- [How can I convert an array into a comma separated string?]
- [How to list all variables names and their current values?]
- [Zsh delete keybinding]
- [Fix key settings (Home/End/Insert/Delete) in .zshrc when running Zsh in Terminator Terminal Emulator]
- [Handling Signals With Trap]
- [Upper- or lower-casing strings]

<!--
  References
  -->

<!-- Others -->
[antibody]: https://github.com/getantibody/antibody
[antidote]: https://getantidote.github.io/
[antigen]: https://github.com/zsh-users/antigen
[Associative arrays in zsh]: https://scriptingosx.com/2019/11/associative-arrays-in-zsh/
[awesome zsh plugins]: https://github.com/unixorn/awesome-zsh-plugins
[completion config example]: https://github.com/ThiefMaster/zsh-config/blob/master/zshrc.d/completion.zsh
[fix key settings (home/end/insert/delete) in .zshrc when running zsh in terminator terminal emulator]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8638012/fix-key-settings-home-end-insert-delete-in-zshrc-when-running-zsh-in-terminat#8645267
[fzf]: https://github.com/junegunn/fzf
[gentoo wiki]: https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Zsh
[handling signals with trap]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59911669/proper-way-to-use-a-trap-to-exit-a-shell-script-in-zsh#59925138
[how can i convert an array into a comma separated string?]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53839253/how-can-i-convert-an-array-into-a-comma-separated-string
[how to list all variables names and their current values?]: https://askubuntu.com/questions/275965/how-to-list-all-variables-names-and-their-current-values#275972
[ohmyzsh]: https://github.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh
[pattern matching in a conditional expression]: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/553607/pattern-matching-in-a-zsh-conditional-expression
[remove duplicates in zsh path]: https://til.hashrocket.com/posts/7evpdebn7g-remove-duplicates-in-zsh-path
[substitutions]: http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Guide/zshguide05.html
[the z shell manual]: http://zsh.sourceforge.net/Doc/Release/
[upper- or lower-casing strings]: https://scriptingosx.com/2019/12/upper-or-lower-casing-strings-in-bash-and-zsh/
[what should/shouldn't go in .zshenv, .zshrc, .zlogin, .zprofile, .zlogout?]: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/71253/what-should-shouldnt-go-in-zshenv-zshrc-zlogin-zprofile-zlogout#487889
[zcomet]: https://github.com/agkozak/zcomet
[zplug]: https://github.com/zplug/zplug
[zsh compinit: insecure directories and files, run compaudit for list]: https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-completions/issues/433#issuecomment-619321054
[zsh delete keybinding]: https://superuser.com/questions/983016/zsh-delete-keybinding#983018
[zsh-autosuggestions]: https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions
[zsh-completions]: https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-completions
[zsh-history-substring-search]: https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-history-substring-search
[zsh-syntax-highlighting]: https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting
